Modulation of ube3a-ats expression

ABSTRACT

Certain embodiments are directed to methods and compounds for inhibiting UBE3A-ATS, the endogenous antisense transcript of ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). Such methods and compounds are useful for. Several embodiments provided herein relate to the discovery that antisense compounds targeting UBE3A-ATS induce paternal expression of UBE3A. Several embodiments are drawn to methods and compounds for inducing paternal expression of UBE3A using antisense compounds targeting UBE3A-ATS within a region of UBE3A-ATS that includes the sequence of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), HBII-85 (also referred to as SNORD116).

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled BIOL0260WOSEQ_ST25.txt created Nov. 24, 2015 which is approximately 1.51 MB in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Certain embodiments are directed to methods and compounds for inhibiting UBE3A-ATS, the endogenous antisense transcript of ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). Such methods and compounds are useful for inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in cells and animals.

BACKGROUND

UBE3A is maternally expressed in neurons and encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase named E6-AP. An endogenous antisense transcript of UBE3A, termed UBE3A-ATS, has been identified in humans and mice. UBE3A-ATS functions to suppress paternal Ube3a expression. (Meng et al., Hum Mol Genet. 21:3001-12, 2012).

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mostly attributed to deficiency of maternal UBE3A at 15q11.2, whereas paternal UBE3A is subject to genomic imprinting and silencing in neurons. Patients of Angelman syndrome suffer from developmental delay, speech impairment and seizures. Therapies for Angelman syndrome are limited and mainly focus on symptomatic management. (Williams, C. A. et al., Genet. Med., 12: 385-395, 2010).

Recently, topoisomerase inhibitors currently used in cancer treatment were found to “unsilence” paternal Ube3a expression in both a neuronal culture system and mice. (Huang, H. S. et al., Nature, 481: 185-189, 2012). However, the exact mechanism of unsilencing paternal Ube3a expression remains unknown and topoisomerase inhibitors are fraught with safety concerns because they are known to be non-specific and capable of inducing DNA damage, such as single and double-strand breaks.

Antisense technology is an effective means for modulating the expression of one or more specific gene products and can therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. Chemically modified nucleosides may be incorporated into antisense compounds to enhance one or more properties, such as nuclease resistance, pharmacokinetics or affinity for a target nucleic acid. In 1998, the antisense compound, Vitravene® (fomivirsen; developed by Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.) was the first antisense drug to achieve marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is currently a treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced retinitis in AIDS patients. For another example, an antisense oligonucleotide targeting ApoB, KYNAMRO™, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunct treatment to lipid-lowering medications and diet to reduce low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoB, total cholesterol (TC), and non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH).

SUMMARY

Several embodiments provided herein relate to the discovery that antisense compounds targeting UBE3A-ATS induce paternal expression of UBE3A. Several embodiments are drawn to methods and compounds for inducing paternal expression of UBE3A using antisense compounds targeting UBE3A-ATS within a region of UBE3A-ATS that includes the sequence of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), HBII-85 (also referred to as SNORD116).

In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705095. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705096. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705097. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705098. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705099. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705100. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705101. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705119. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705120. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705121. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of the nucleobase sequence and motif of ISIS No. 705122.

The present disclosure provides the following non-limiting numbered embodiments:

Embodiment 1

A method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 2

The method of embodiment 1, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 3

The method of any one of embodiments 1-2, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 4

A method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in an animal comprising administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 5

The method of embodiment 24, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 6

The method of any one of embodiments 4-5, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 7

The method of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the antisense compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 8

The method of embodiment 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 9

The method of embodiment 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 95% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 10

The method of embodiment 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 11

The method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 12

The method of any one of embodiments 7-11, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 13

The method of embodiment 12, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 14

The method of embodiment 13, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 15

The method of any one of embodiments 12-14, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.

Embodiment 16

The method of embodiment 15, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.

Embodiment 17

The method of embodiment 16, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.

Embodiment 18

The method of embodiment 16, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

Embodiment 19

The method of embodiment 16, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.

Embodiment 20

The method of embodiment 16, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

Embodiment 21

The method of any one of embodiments 12-20, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 22

The method of embodiment 21, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.

Embodiment 23

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.

Embodiment 24

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.

Embodiment 25

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.

Embodiment 26

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.

Embodiment 27

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.

Embodiment 28

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.

Embodiment 29

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.

Embodiment 30

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.

Embodiment 31

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.

Embodiment 32

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.

Embodiment 33

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.

Embodiment 34

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.

Embodiment 35

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.

Embodiment 36

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.

Embodiment 37

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.

Embodiment 38

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.

Embodiment 39

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.

Embodiment 40

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.

Embodiment 41

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.

Embodiment 42

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.

Embodiment 43

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.

Embodiment 44

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.

Embodiment 45

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.

Embodiment 46

The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%.

Embodiment 47

A method of treating an animal with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprising selecting an animal in need thereof and administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 48

The method of embodiment 47, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 49

The method of embodiment 48, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 50

The method of any one of embodiments 47-49, wherein the animal has Angelman Syndrome.

Embodiment 51

A compound comprising an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 52

The compound of embodiment 51, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 53

The compound of embodiment 51, wherein antisense compound is targeted to a region that comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 54

The compound of embodiment 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 55

The compound of embodiment 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 95% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 56

The compound of embodiment 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 57

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-56, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 58

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-57, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 59

The compound of embodiment 58, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 60

The compound of embodiment 59, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 61

The compound of any one of embodiments 58-60, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.

Embodiment 62

The compound of embodiment 61, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.

Embodiment 63

The compound of embodiment 62, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.

Embodiment 64

The compound of embodiment 62, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

Embodiment 65

The compound of embodiment 62, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.

Embodiment 66

The compound of embodiment 63, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

Embodiment 67

The compound of any one of embodiments 58-66, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 68

The compound of embodiment 67, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.

Embodiment 69

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.

Embodiment 70

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.

Embodiment 71

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.

Embodiment 72

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.

Embodiment 73

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.

Embodiment 74

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.

Embodiment 75

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.

Embodiment 76

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.

Embodiment 77

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.

Embodiment 78

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.

Embodiment 79

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.

Embodiment 80

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.

Embodiment 81

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.

Embodiment 82

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.

Embodiment 83

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.

Embodiment 84

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.

Embodiment 85

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.

Embodiment 86

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.

Embodiment 87

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.

Embodiment 88

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.

Embodiment 89

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.

Embodiment 90

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.

Embodiment 91

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.

Embodiment 92

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%.

Embodiment 93

A method of reducing UBE3A-ATS in a cell comprising contacting the cell with the compound of any of embodiments 51 to 92.

Embodiment 94

A method comprising administering to a cell or animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116, wherein expression of paternal UBE3A is induced.

Embodiment 95

The method of embodiment 94, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 96

The method of any one of embodiments 94-95, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Embodiment 97

The method of any one of embodiments 94-96, wherein the antisense compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

Embodiment 98

The method of embodiment 97, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 99

The method of any one of embodiments 94-98, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 100

The method of any one of embodiments 97-99, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 101

The method of embodiment 100, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 102

The method of embodiment 101, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 103

The method of any one of embodiments 97-102, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.

Embodiment 104

The method of embodiment 103, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.

Embodiment 105

The method of embodiment 104, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.

Embodiment 106

The method of embodiment 105, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

Embodiment 107

The method of embodiment 105, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.

Embodiment 108

The method of embodiment 103, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

Embodiment 109

The method of any one of embodiments 97-108, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 110

The method of embodiment 109, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.

Embodiment 111

The method of any one of embodiments 94-110, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.

Embodiment 112

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.

Embodiment 113

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.

Embodiment 114

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.

Embodiment 115

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.

Embodiment 116

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.

Embodiment 117

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.

Embodiment 118

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.

Embodiment 119

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.

Embodiment 120

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.

Embodiment 121

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.

Embodiment 122

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.

Embodiment 123

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.

Embodiment 124

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.

Embodiment 125

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.

Embodiment 126

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.

Embodiment 127

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.

Embodiment 128

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.

Embodiment 129

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.

Embodiment 130

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.

Embodiment 131

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.

Embodiment 132

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.

Embodiment 133

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.

Embodiment 134

The compound of any one of embodiments 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, and treatises, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for the portions of the document discussed herein, as well as in their entirety.

It is understood that the sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO described herein is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis No) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and motif.

Definitions

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical synthesis, and chemical analysis. Where permitted, all patents, applications, published applications and other publications, GENBANK Accession Numbers and associated sequence information obtainable through databases such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other data referred to throughout in the disclosure herein are incorporated by reference for the portions of the document discussed herein, as well as in their entirety.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:

“2′-O-methoxyethyl” (also 2′-MOE and 2′-O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃) refers to an O-methoxy-ethyl modification at the 2′ position of a furanose ring. A 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar is a modified sugar.

“2′-MOE nucleoside” (also 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside) means a nucleoside comprising a 2′-MOE modified sugar moiety.

“2′-substituted nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a substituent at the 2′-position of the furanosyl ring other than H or OH. In certain embodiments, 2′ substituted nucleosides include nucleosides with bicyclic sugar modifications.

“3′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 3′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.

“5′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 5′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.

“5-methylcytosine” means a cytosine modified with a methyl group attached to the 5 position. A 5-methylcytosine is a modified nucleobase.

“About” means within ±7% of a value. For example, if it is stated, “the compounds affected at least about 70% inhibition of UBE3A-ATS”, it is implied that UBE3A-ATS levels are inhibited within a range of 63% and 77%. Similarly, if it is stated, “the compounds affected at least about 20% induction of paternal UBE3A expression”, it is implied that UBE3A levels are induced by a range within 13% and 27%.

“Animal” refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.

“Antisense activity” means any detectable or measurable activity attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense activity is a decrease in the amount or expression of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid.

“Antisense compound” means an oligomeric compound that is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding. Examples of antisense compounds include single-stranded and double-stranded compounds, such as, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, shRNAs, ssRNAs, and occupancy-based compounds.

“Antisense inhibition” means reduction of target nucleic acid levels in the presence of an antisense compound complementary to a target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels in the absence of the antisense compound.

“Antisense mechanisms” are all those mechanisms involving hybridization of a compound with target nucleic acid, wherein the outcome or effect of the hybridization is either target degradation or target occupancy with concomitant stalling of the cellular machinery involving, for example, transcription or splicing.

“Antisense oligonucleotide” means a single-stranded oligonucleotide having a nucleobase sequence that permits hybridization to a corresponding region or segment of a target nucleic acid.

“Base complementarity” refers to the capacity for the precise base pairing of nucleobases of an antisense oligonucleotide with corresponding nucleobases in a target nucleic acid (i.e., hybridization), and is mediated by Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen binding between corresponding nucleobases.

“Bicyclic sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety comprising a 4 to 7 membered ring (including but not limited to a furanosyl) comprising a bridge connecting two atoms of the 4 to 7 membered ring to form a second ring, resulting in a bicyclic structure. In certain embodiments, the 4 to 7 membered ring is a sugar ring. In certain embodiments the 4 to 7 membered ring is a furanosyl. In certain such embodiments, the bridge connects the 2′-carbon and the 4′-carbon of the furanosyl.

“Bicyclic nucleic acid” or “BNA” or “BNA nucleosides” means nucleic acid monomers having a bridge connecting two carbon atoms between the 4′ and 2′position of the nucleoside sugar unit, thereby forming a bicyclic sugar. Examples of such bicyclic sugar include, but are not limited to A) α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) LNA, (B) β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) LNA, (C) Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′) LNA, (D) Aminooxy (4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′) LNA and (E) Oxyamino (4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′) LNA, as depicted below.

As used herein, LNA compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar wherein each of the bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R₁)(R₂)]_(n)—, —C(R₁)═C(R₂)—, —C(R₁)═N—, —C(═NR₁)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R₁)₂—, —S(═O)_(x)— and —N(R₁)—; wherein: x is 0, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; each R₁ and R₂ is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)₂-J₁), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J₁); and each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group.

Examples of 4′-2′ bridging groups encompassed within the definition of LNA include, but are not limited to one of formulae: —[C(R₁)(R₂)]_(n)—, —[C(R₁)(R₂)]_(n)—O—, —C(R₁R₂)—N(R₁)—O— or —C(R₁R₂)—O—N(R₁)—. Furthermore, other bridging groups encompassed with the definition of LNA are 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH₂—N(R₁)—O-2′- bridges, wherein each R₁ and R₂ is, independently, H, a protecting group or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

Also included within the definition of LNA according to the invention are LNAs in which the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribosyl sugar ring is connected to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring, thereby forming a methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) bridge to form the bicyclic sugar moiety. The bridge can also be a methylene (—CH₂—) group connecting the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom, for which the term methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) LNA is used. Furthermore; in the case of the bicyclic sugar moiety having an ethylene bridging group in this position, the term ethyleneoxy (4′-CH₂CH₂—O-2′) LNA is used. α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′), an isomer of methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) LNA is also encompassed within the definition of LNA, as used herein.

“Cap structure” or “terminal cap moiety” means chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.

“cEt” or “constrained ethyl” means a bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a bridge connecting the 4′-carbon and the 2′-carbon, wherein the bridge has the formula: 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

“Constrained ethyl nucleoside” (also cEt nucleoside) means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ bridge.

“Chemically distinct region” refers to a region of an antisense compound that is in some way chemically different than another region of the same antisense compound. For example, a region having 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides is chemically distinct from a region having nucleotides without 2′-O-methoxyethyl modifications.

“Chimeric antisense compounds” means antisense compounds that have at least 2 chemically distinct regions, each position having a plurality of subunits.

“Complementarity” means the capacity for pairing between nucleobases of a first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid.

“Comply” means the adherence with a recommended therapy by an individual.

“Comprise,” “comprises” and “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.

“Contiguous nucleobases” means nucleobases immediately adjacent to each other.

“Deoxyribonucleotide” means a nucleotide having a hydrogen at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.

“Designing” or “Designed to” refer to the process of designing an oligomeric compound that specifically hybridizes with a selected nucleic acid molecule.

“Efficacy” means the ability to produce a desired effect.

“Expression” includes all the functions by which a gene's coded information is converted into structures present and operating in a cell. Such structures include, but are not limited to the products of transcription and translation.

“Fully complementary” or “100% complementary” means each nucleobase of a first nucleic acid has a complementary nucleobase in a second nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a first nucleic acid is an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid is a second nucleic acid.

“Fully modified motif” refers to an antisense compound comprising a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein essentially each nucleoside is a sugar modified nucleoside having uniform modification.

“Gapmer” means a chimeric antisense compound in which an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage is positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions. The internal region may be referred to as the “gap” and the external regions may be referred to as the “wings.”

“Gap-widened” means an antisense compound having a gap segment of 12 or more contiguous 2′-deoxyribonucleotides positioned between 5′ and 3′ wing segments having from one to six nucleotides having modified sugar moieties.

“Hybridization” means the annealing of complementary nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, an antisense compound and a nucleic acid target. In certain embodiments, complementary nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, an antisense oligonucleotide and a nucleic acid target.

“Immediately adjacent” means there are no intervening elements between the immediately adjacent elements.

“Individual” means a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.

“Induce”, “inhibit”, “potentiate”, “elevate”, “increase”, “decrease”, upregulate”, “downregulate”, or the like, generally denote quantitative differences between two states.

“Inhibiting the expression or activity” refers to a reduction, blockade of the expression or activity and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of expression or activity.

“Internucleoside linkage” refers to the chemical bond between nucleosides.

“Lengthened” antisense oligonucleotides are those that have one or more additional nucleosides relative to an antisense oligonucleotide disclosed herein.

“Linked deoxynucleoside” means a nucleic acid base (A, G, C, T, U) substituted by deoxyribose linked by a phosphate ester to form a nucleotide.

“Linked nucleosides” means adjacent nucleosides linked together by an internucleoside linkage.

“Mismatch” or “non-complementary nucleobase” refers to the case when a nucleobase of a first nucleic acid is not capable of pairing with the corresponding nucleobase of a second or target nucleic acid.

“Modified internucleoside linkage” refers to a substitution or any change from a naturally occurring internucleoside bond (i.e. a phosphodiester internucleoside bond).

“Modified nucleobase” means any nucleobase other than adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine, or uracil. An “unmodified nucleobase” means the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

“Modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside having, independently, a modified sugar moiety and/or modified nucleobase.

“Modified nucleotide” means a nucleotide having, independently, a modified sugar moiety, modified internucleoside linkage, or modified nucleobase.

“Modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide comprising at least one modified internucleoside linkage, a modified sugar, and/or a modified nucleobase.

“Modified sugar” means substitution and/or any change from a natural sugar moiety.

“Monomer” refers to a single unit of an oligomer. Monomers include, but are not limited to, nucleosides and nucleotides, whether naturally occurring or modified.

“Motif” means the pattern of unmodified and modified nucleosides in an antisense compound.

“Natural sugar moiety” means a sugar moiety found in DNA (2′-H) or RNA (2′-OH).

“Naturally occurring internucleoside linkage” means a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

“Non-complementary nucleobase” refers to a pair of nucleobases that do not form hydrogen bonds with one another or otherwise support hybridization.

“Nucleic acid” refers to molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides. A nucleic acid includes, but is not limited to, ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), single-stranded nucleic acids, double-stranded nucleic acids, small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA).

“Nucleobase” means a heterocyclic moiety capable of pairing with a base of another nucleic acid.

“Nucleobase complementarity” refers to a nucleobase that is capable of base pairing with another nucleobase. For example, in DNA, adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T). For example, in RNA, adenine (A) is complementary to uracil (U). In certain embodiments, complementary nucleobase refers to a nucleobase of an antisense compound that is capable of base pairing with a nucleobase of its target nucleic acid. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be complementary at that nucleobase pair.

“Nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases independent of any sugar, linkage, and/or nucleobase modification.

“Nucleoside” means a nucleobase linked to a sugar.

“Nucleoside mimetic” includes those structures used to replace the sugar or the sugar and the base and not necessarily the linkage at one or more positions of an oligomeric compound such as for example nucleoside mimetics having morpholino, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bicyclo or tricyclo sugar mimetics, e.g., non furanose sugar units. Nucleotide mimetic includes those structures used to replace the nucleoside and the linkage at one or more positions of an oligomeric compound such as for example peptide nucleic acids or morpholinos (morpholinos linked by —N(H)—C(═O)—O— or other non-phosphodiester linkage). Sugar surrogate overlaps with the slightly broader term nucleoside mimetic but is intended to indicate replacement of the sugar unit (furanose ring) only. The tetrahydropyranyl rings provided herein are illustrative of an example of a sugar surrogate wherein the furanose sugar group has been replaced with a tetrahydropyranyl ring system. “Mimetic” refers to groups that are substituted for a sugar, a nucleobase, and/or internucleoside linkage. Generally, a mimetic is used in place of the sugar or sugar-internucleoside linkage combination, and the nucleobase is maintained for hybridization to a selected target.

“Nucleotide” means a nucleoside having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside.

“Oligomeric compound” means a polymer of linked monomeric subunits which is capable of hybridizing to at least a region of a nucleic acid molecule.

“Oligonucleoside” means an oligonucleotide in which the internucleoside linkages do not contain a phosphorus atom.

“Oligonucleotide” means a polymer of linked nucleosides each of which can be modified or unmodified, independent one from another.

“Peptide” means a molecule formed by linking at least two amino acids by amide bonds. Without limitation, as used herein, “peptide” refers to polypeptides and proteins.

“Phosphorothioate linkage” means a linkage between nucleosides where the phosphodiester bond is modified by replacing one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms with a sulfur atom. A phosphorothioate linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage.

“Portion” means a defined number of contiguous (i.e., linked) nucleobases of a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a portion is a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an antisense compound

“Region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic.

“Ribonucleotide” means a nucleotide having a hydroxy at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Ribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.

“Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid.

“Sites,” as used herein, are defined as unique nucleobase positions within a target nucleic acid.

“Specifically hybridizable” refers to an antisense compound having a sufficient degree of complementarity between an antisense oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid to induce a desired effect, while exhibiting minimal or no effects on non-target nucleic acids under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays and therapeutic treatments. “Stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refer to conditions under which an oligomeric compound will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences.

“Subject” means a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.

“Target” refers to a protein, the modulation of which is desired.

“Target gene” refers to a gene encoding a target.

“Targeting” means the process of design and selection of an antisense compound that will specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid and induce a desired effect.

“Target nucleic acid,” “target RNA,” “target RNA transcript” and “nucleic acid target” all mean a nucleic acid capable of being targeted by antisense compounds.

“Target region” means a portion of a target nucleic acid to which one or more antisense compounds is targeted.

“Target segment” means the sequence of nucleotides of a target nucleic acid to which an antisense compound is targeted. “5′ target site” refers to the 5′-most nucleotide of a target segment. “3′ target site” refers to the 3′-most nucleotide of a target segment.

“UBE3A-ATS” and “Ube3A-ATS” can be used interchangeably without capitalization of their spelling referring to any particular species or ortholog.

“UBE3A” and “Ube3A” can be used interchangeably without capitalization of their spelling referring to any particular species or ortholog. Additionally, “UBE3A”, “UBE3A”, “Ube3A”, and “Ube3A” can be used interchangeably without italicization referring to nucleic acid or protein unless specifically indicated to the contrary.

“Unmodified” nucleobases mean the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

“Unmodified nucleotide” means a nucleotide composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugar moieties, and internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, an unmodified nucleotide is an RNA nucleotide (i.e. β-D-ribonucleosides) or a DNA nucleotide (i.e. β-D-deoxyribonucleoside).

“Validated target segment” is defined as at least an 8-nucleobase portion (i.e. 8 consecutive nucleobases) of a target region to which an antisense compound is targeted.

“Wing segment” means a plurality of nucleosides modified to impart to an oligonucleotide properties such as enhanced inhibitory activity, increased binding affinity for a target nucleic acid, or resistance to degradation by in vivo nucleases.

Certain Embodiments

Certain embodiments are drawn to a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS. In several aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:1.

Several embodiments provide a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. Several embodiments are directed to a method of reducing UBE3A-ATS in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS, wherein the region of UBE3A-ATS contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In certain aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In several aspects, contacting a cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116, induces expression of paternal UBE3A and/or reduces UBE3A-ATS in the cell without reducing Snrpn and/or MBII-52/HBII-52 levels by more than about 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

In several aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments, contacting the cell with the antisense compound reduces the level of UBE3A-ATS in the cell and/or induces expression of paternal UBE3A protein in the cell.

In several aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments, the cell is a cultured cell. In the same aspect, the cell is an animal.

Certain embodiments are drawn to a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in an animal comprising administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS. In several aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:1.

Several embodiments relate to a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A and/or reducing UBE3A-ATS in an animal comprising administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In some aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:1.

In any of the aforementioned embodiments and aspects thereof, the antisense compound can comprise an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence. In certain aspects, the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In certain aspects, the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide. In several aspects, the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide. In the same aspect, the modified oligonucleotide can comprise at least one modified internucleoside linkage. Yet again in the same aspect, the modified internucleoside linkage can be a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. In several aspects, at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar. In the same aspect, the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar, such as a bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl. Further in the same aspect, the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

In any of the preceding embodiments and aspects thereof including a modified sugar, the modified sugar can comprise a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

In any of the preceding embodiments and aspects thereof including a modified oligonucleotide, at least one nucleoside can comprise a modified nucleobase, such as a 5-methylcytosine.

In any of the foregoing embodiments and aspects thereof, the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 160%, at least 170%, at least 180%, at least 190%, at least 200%, at least 210%, at least 220%, at least 230%, at least 240%, or at least 250%.

Certain embodiments are drawn to a method of treating an animal with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprising selecting an animal in need thereof and administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS. In several aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Several embodiments are directed to a method of treating an animal with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprising selecting an animal in need thereof and administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In some aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments drawn to a method of treating an animal, the animal has Angelman Syndrome. In certain aspects, the animal having Angelman Syndrome treated according to the methods provided herein show an improvement in anxiety, learning, balance, motor function, and/or seizures.

In certain aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments drawn to a method of treating an animal, administering an antisense compound provided treats the animal without reducing levels of the neighboring small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) Snrpn and/or MBII-52/HBII-52. In several aspects, administering an antisense compound provided herein treats the animal without reducing Snrpn and/or MBII-52/HBII-52 levels by more than about 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

Certain embodiments relate to a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS within nucleotides 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

Certain embodiments are drawn to an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS. In several aspects, UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In several aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments, the antisense compound is capable of reducing the level of UBE3A-ATS in the cell and/or inducing expression of paternal UBE3A protein in the cell.

In any of the aforementioned embodiments and aspects thereof, the antisense compound can comprise an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence. In certain aspects, the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence. In any of the aforementioned embodiments and aspects thereof, the antisense compound can comprise an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In certain aspects, the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116. In certain aspects, the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide. In several aspects, the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide. In the same aspect, the modified oligonucleotide can comprise at least one modified internucleoside linkage. Yet again in the same aspect, the modified internucleoside linkage can be a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. In several aspects, at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar. In the same aspect, the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar, such as a bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl. Further in the same aspect, the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.

In any of the preceding embodiments and aspects thereof including a modified sugar, the modified sugar can comprise a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.

In any of the preceding embodiments and aspects thereof including a modified oligonucleotide, at least one nucleoside can comprise a modified nucleobase, such as a 5-methylcytosine.

In any of the foregoing embodiments and aspects thereof, the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 160%, at least 170%, at least 180%, at least 190%, at least 200%, at least 210%, at least 220%, at least 230%, at least 240%, or at least 250%.

Antisense Compounds

Oligomeric compounds include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, antisense compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, and siRNAs. An oligomeric compound may be “antisense” to a target nucleic acid, meaning that is capable of undergoing hybridization to a target nucleic acid through hydrogen bonding.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted. In certain such embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that, when written in the 5′ to 3′ direction, comprises the reverse complement of the target segment of a target nucleic acid to which it is targeted.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 10-30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 12 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 12 to 22 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 14 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 14 to 20 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 15 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 15 to 20 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 16 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 16 to 20 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 17 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 17 to 20 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 18 to 30 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 18 to 21 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 18 to 20 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 20 to 30 subunits in length. In other words, such antisense compounds are from 12 to 30 linked subunits, 14 to 30 linked subunits, 14 to 20 subunits, 15 to 30 subunits, 15 to 20 subunits, 16 to 30 subunits, 16 to 20 subunits, 17 to 30 subunits, 17 to 20 subunits, 18 to 30 subunits, 18 to 20 subunits, 18 to 21 subunits, 20 to 30 subunits, or 12 to 22 linked subunits, respectively. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 14 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 16 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 17 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 18 subunits in length. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound is 20 subunits in length. In other embodiments, the antisense compound is 8 to 80, 12 to 50, 13 to 30, 13 to 50, 14 to 30, 14 to 50, 15 to 30, 15 to 50, 16 to 30, 16 to 50, 17 to 30, 17 to 50, 18 to 22, 18 to 24, 18 to 30, 18 to 50, 19 to 22, 19 to 30, 19 to 50, or 20 to 30 linked subunits. In certain such embodiments, the antisense compounds are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 linked subunits in length, or a range defined by any two of the above values. In some embodiments the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide, and the linked subunits are nucleotides.

In certain embodiments antisense oligonucleotides may be shortened or truncated. For example, a single subunit may be deleted from the 5′ end (5′ truncation), or alternatively from the 3′ end (3′ truncation). A shortened or truncated antisense compound targeted to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid may have two subunits deleted from the 5′ end, or alternatively may have two subunits deleted from the 3′ end, of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the deleted nucleosides may be dispersed throughout the antisense compound, for example, in an antisense compound having one nucleoside deleted from the 5′ end and one nucleoside deleted from the 3′ end.

When a single additional subunit is present in a lengthened antisense compound, the additional subunit may be located at the 5′ or 3′ end of the antisense compound. When two or more additional subunits are present, the added subunits may be adjacent to each other, for example, in an antisense compound having two subunits added to the 5′ end (5′ addition), or alternatively to the 3′ end (3′ addition), of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the added subunits may be dispersed throughout the antisense compound, for example, in an antisense compound having one subunit added to the 5′ end and one subunit added to the 3′ end.

It is possible to increase or decrease the length of an antisense compound, such as an antisense oligonucleotide, and/or introduce mismatch bases without eliminating activity. For example, in Woolf et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7305-7309, 1992), a series of antisense oligonucleotides 13-25 nucleobases in length were tested for their ability to induce cleavage of a target RNA in an oocyte injection model. Antisense oligonucleotides 25 nucleobases in length with 8 or 11 mismatch bases near the ends of the antisense oligonucleotides were able to direct specific cleavage of the target mRNA, albeit to a lesser extent than the antisense oligonucleotides that contained no mismatches. Similarly, target specific cleavage was achieved using 13 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides, including those with 1 or 3 mismatches.

Gautschi et al. (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:463-471, March 2001) demonstrated the ability of an oligonucleotide having 100% complementarity to the bcl-2 mRNA and having 3 mismatches to the bcl-xL mRNA to reduce the expression of both bcl-2 and bcl-xL in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this oligonucleotide demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in vivo.

Maher and Dolnick (Nuc. Acid. Res. 16:3341-3358, 1988) tested a series of tandem 14 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides, and a 28 and 42 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides comprised of the sequence of two or three of the tandem antisense oligonucleotides, respectively, for their ability to arrest translation of human DHFR in a rabbit reticulocyte assay. Each of the three 14 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides alone was able to inhibit translation, albeit at a more modest level than the 28 or 42 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotides.

Certain Antisense Compound Motifs and Mechanisms

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds have chemically modified subunits arranged in patterns, or motifs, to confer to the antisense compounds properties such as enhanced inhibitory activity, increased binding affinity for a target nucleic acid, or resistance to degradation by in vivo nucleases. Chimeric antisense compounds typically contain at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid, and/or increased inhibitory activity. A second region of a chimeric antisense compound may confer another desired property e.g., serve as a substrate for the cellular endonuclease RNase H, which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex.

Antisense activity may result from any mechanism involving the hybridization of the antisense compound (e.g., oligonucleotide) with a target nucleic acid, wherein the hybridization ultimately results in a biological effect. In certain embodiments, the amount and/or activity of the target nucleic acid is modulated. In certain embodiments, the amount and/or activity of the target nucleic acid is reduced. In certain embodiments, hybridization of the antisense compound to the target nucleic acid ultimately results in target nucleic acid degradation. In certain embodiments, hybridization of the antisense compound to the target nucleic acid does not result in target nucleic acid degradation. In certain such embodiments, the presence of the antisense compound hybridized with the target nucleic acid (occupancy) results in a modulation of antisense activity. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds having a particular chemical motif or pattern of chemical modifications are particularly suited to exploit one or more mechanisms. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds function through more than one mechanism and/or through mechanisms that have not been elucidated. Accordingly, the antisense compounds described herein are not limited by particular mechanism.

Antisense mechanisms include, without limitation, RNase H mediated antisense; RNAi mechanisms, which utilize the RISC pathway and include, without limitation, siRNA, ssRNA and microRNA mechanisms; and occupancy based mechanisms. Certain antisense compounds may act through more than one such mechanism and/or through additional mechanisms.

RNase H-Mediated Antisense

In certain embodiments, antisense activity results at least in part from degradation of target RNA by RNase H. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNase H activity in mammalian cells. Accordingly, antisense compounds comprising at least a portion of DNA or DNA-like nucleosides may activate RNase H, resulting in cleavage of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds that utilize RNase H comprise one or more modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, such antisense compounds comprise at least one block of 1-8 modified nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the modified nucleosides do not support RNase H activity. In certain embodiments, such antisense compounds are gapmers, as described herein. In certain such embodiments, the gap of the gapmer comprises DNA nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the gap of the gapmer comprises DNA-like nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the gap of the gapmer comprises DNA nucleosides and DNA-like nucleosides.

Certain antisense compounds having a gapmer motif are considered chimeric antisense compounds. In a gapmer an internal region having a plurality of nucleotides that supports RNaseH cleavage is positioned between external regions having a plurality of nucleotides that are chemically distinct from the nucleosides of the internal region. In the case of an antisense oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif, the gap segment generally serves as the substrate for endonuclease cleavage, while the wing segments comprise modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the regions of a gapmer are differentiated by the types of sugar moieties comprising each distinct region. The types of sugar moieties that are used to differentiate the regions of a gapmer may in some embodiments include β-D-ribonucleosides, β-D-deoxyribonucleosides, 2′-modified nucleosides (such 2′-modified nucleosides may include 2′-MOE and 2′-O—CH₃, among others), and bicyclic sugar modified nucleosides (such bicyclic sugar modified nucleosides may include those having a constrained ethyl). In certain embodiments, nucleosides in the wings may include several modified sugar moieties, including, for example 2′-MOE and bicyclic sugar moieties such as constrained ethyl or LNA. In certain embodiments, wings may include several modified and unmodified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, wings may include various combinations of 2′-MOE nucleosides, bicyclic sugar moieties such as constrained ethyl nucleosides or LNA nucleosides, and 2′-deoxynucleosides.

Each distinct region may comprise uniform sugar moieties, variant, or alternating sugar moieties. The wing-gap-wing motif is frequently described as “X-Y-Z”, where “X” represents the length of the 5′-wing, “Y” represents the length of the gap, and “Z” represents the length of the 3′-wing. “X” and “Z” may comprise uniform, variant, or alternating sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, “X” and “Y” may include one or more 2′-deoxynucleosides. “Y” may comprise 2′-deoxynucleosides. As used herein, a gapmer described as “X-Y-Z” has a configuration such that the gap is positioned immediately adjacent to each of the 5′-wing and the 3′ wing. Thus, no intervening nucleotides exist between the 5′-wing and gap, or the gap and the 3′-wing. Any of the antisense compounds described herein can have a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, “X” and “Z” are the same; in other embodiments they are different. In certain embodiments, “Y” is between 8 and 15 nucleosides. X, Y, or Z can be any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30 or more nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compound targeted to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid has a gapmer motif in which the gap consists of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotide has a sugar motif described by Formula A as follows: (J)_(m)-(B)_(n)-(J)_(p)-(B)_(r)-(A)_(t)-(D)_(g)-(A)_(v)-(B)_(w)-(J)_(x)-(B)_(y)-(J)_(z)

wherein:

each A is independently a 2′-substituted nucleoside;

each B is independently a bicyclic nucleoside;

each J is independently either a 2′-substituted nucleoside or a 2′-deoxynucleoside;

each D is a 2′-deoxynucleoside;

m is 0-4; n is 0-2; p is 0-2; r is 0-2; t is 0-2; v is 0-2; w is 0-4; x is 0-2; y is 0-2; z is 0-4; g is 6-14; provided that:

at least one of m, n, and r is other than 0;

at least one of w and y is other than 0;

the sum of m, n, p, r, and t is from 2 to 5; and

the sum of v, w, x, y, and z is from 2 to 5.

RNAi Compounds

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are interfering RNA compounds (RNAi), which include double-stranded RNA compounds (also referred to as short-interfering RNA or siRNA) and single-stranded RNAi compounds (or ssRNA). Such compounds work at least in part through the RISC pathway to degrade and/or sequester a target nucleic acid (thus, include microRNA/microRNA-mimic compounds). In certain embodiments, antisense compounds comprise modifications that make them particularly suited for such mechanisms.

i. ssRNA Compounds

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds including those particularly suited for use as single-stranded RNAi compounds (ssRNA) comprise a modified 5′-terminal end. In certain such embodiments, the 5′-terminal end comprises a modified phosphate moiety. In certain embodiments, such modified phosphate is stabilized (e.g., resistant to degradation/cleavage compared to unmodified 5′-phosphate). In certain embodiments, such 5′-terminal nucleosides stabilize the 5′-phosphorous moiety. Certain modified 5′-terminal nucleosides may be found in the art, for example in WO/2011/139702.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-nucleoside of an ssRNA compound has Formula IIc:

wherein:

T₁ is an optionally protected phosphorus moiety;

T₂ is an internucleoside linking group linking the compound of Formula IIc to the oligomeric compound;

A has one of the formulas:

Q₁ and Q₂ are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl or N(R₃)(R₄);

Q₃ is O, S, N(R₅) or C(R₆)(R₇);

each R₃, R₄ R₅, R₆ and R₇ is, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy;

M₃ is O, S, NR₁₄, C(R₁₅)(R₁₆), C(R₁₅)(R₁₆)C(R₁₇)(R₁₈), C(R₁₅)═C(R₁₇), OC(R₁₅)(R₁₆) or OC(R₁₅)(Bx₂);

R₁₄ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

Bx₁ is a heterocyclic base moiety;

or if Bx₂ is present then Bx₂ is a heterocyclic base moiety and Bx₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

J₄, J₅, J₆ and J₇ are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

or J₄ forms a bridge with one of J₅ or J₇ wherein said bridge comprises from 1 to 3 linked biradical groups selected from O, S, NR₁₉, C(R₂₀)(R₂₁), C(R₂₀)═C(R₂₁), C[═C(R₂₀)(R₂₁)] and C(═O) and the other two of J₅, J₆ and J₇ are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

each R₁₉, R₂₀ and R₂₁ is, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

G is H, OH, halogen or O—[C(R₈)(R₉)]_(n)—[(C═O)_(m)—X₁]_(j)—Z;

each R₈ and R₉ is, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

X₁ is O, S or N(E₁);

Z is H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl or N(E₂)(E₃);

E₁, E₂ and E₃ are each, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

n is from 1 to about 6;

m is 0 or 1;

j is 0 or 1;

each substituted group comprises one or more optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, OJ₁, N(J₁)(J₂), =NJ₁, SJ₁, N₃, CN, OC(═X₂)J₁, OC(═X₂)N(J₁)(J₂) and C(═X₂)N(J₁)(J₂);

X₂ is O, S or NJ₃;

each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

when j is 1 then Z is other than halogen or N(E₂)(E₃); and

wherein said oligomeric compound comprises from 8 to 40 monomeric subunits and is hybridizable to at least a portion of a target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, M₃ is O, CH═CH, OCH₂ or OC(H)(Bx₂). In certain embodiments, M₃ is O.

In certain embodiments, J₄, J₅, J₆ and J₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, J₄ forms a bridge with one of J₅ or J₇.

In certain embodiments, A has one of the formulas:

wherein:

Q₁ and Q₂ are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy or substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy. In certain embodiments, Q₁ and Q₂ are each H. In certain embodiments, Q₁ and Q₂ are each, independently, H or halogen. In certain embodiments, Q₁ and Q₂ is H and the other of Q₁ and Q₂ is F, CH₃ or OCH₃.

In certain embodiments, T₁ has the formula:

wherein:

R_(a) and R_(c) are each, independently, protected hydroxyl, protected thiol, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, protected amino or substituted amino; and

R_(b) is O or S. In certain embodiments, R_(b) is O and R_(a) and R_(c) are each, independently, OCH₃, OCH₂CH₃ or CH(CH₃)₂.

In certain embodiments, G is halogen, OCH₃, OCH₂F, OCHF₂, OCF₃, OCH₂CH₃, O(CH₂)₂F, OCH₂CHF₂, OCH₂CF₃, OCH₂—CH—CH₂, O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—OCF₃, O(CH₂)₃—N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), O(CH₂)₂—ON(R₁₀)(R₁₁), O(CH₂)₂—O(CH₂)₂—N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), OCH₂C(═O)—N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), OCH₂C(═O)—N(R₁₂)—(CH₂)₂—N(R₁₀)(R₁₁) or O(CH₂)₂—N(R₁₂)—C(═NR₁₃)[N(R₁₀)(R₁₁)] wherein R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, G is halogen, OCH₃, OCF₃, OCH₂CH₃, OCH₂CF₃, OCH₂—CH—CH₂, O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—O(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, OCH₂C(═O)—N(H)CH₃, OCH₂C(═O)—N(H)—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂ or OCH₂—N(H)—C(═NH)NH₂. In certain embodiments, G is F, OCH₃ or O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃. In certain embodiments, G is O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-terminal nucleoside has Formula IIe:

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds, including those particularly suitable for ssRNA comprise one or more type of modified sugar moieties and/or naturally occurring sugar moieties arranged along an oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or sugar modification motif. Such motifs may include any of the sugar modifications discussed herein and/or other known sugar modifications.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having uniform sugar modifications. In certain such embodiments, each nucleoside of the region comprises the same RNA-like sugar modification. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the region is a 2′-F nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the region is a 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the region is a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the region is a cEt nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the region is an LNA nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the uniform region constitutes all or essentially all of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the region constitutes the entire oligonucleotide except for 1-4 terminal nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more regions of alternating sugar modifications, wherein the nucleosides alternate between nucleotides having a sugar modification of a first type and nucleotides having a sugar modification of a second type. In certain embodiments, nucleosides of both types are RNA-like nucleosides. In certain embodiments the alternating nucleosides are selected from: 2′-OMe, 2′-F, 2′-MOE, LNA, and cEt. In certain embodiments, the alternating modifications are 2′-F and 2′-OMe. Such regions may be contiguous or may be interrupted by differently modified nucleosides or conjugated nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the alternating region of alternating modifications each consist of a single nucleoside (i.e., the pattern is (AB)_(x)A_(y) wherein A is a nucleoside having a sugar modification of a first type and B is a nucleoside having a sugar modification of a second type; x is 1-20 and y is 0 or 1). In certain embodiments, one or more alternating regions in an alternating motif includes more than a single nucleoside of a type. For example, oligonucleotides may include one or more regions of any of the following nucleoside motifs:

AABBAA; ABBABB; AABAAB; ABBABAABB; ABABAA; AABABAB; ABABAA; ABBAABBABABAA; BABBAABBABABAA; or ABABBAABBABABAA;

wherein A is a nucleoside of a first type and B is a nucleoside of a second type. In certain embodiments, A and B are each selected from 2′-F, 2′-OMe, BNA, and MOE.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having such an alternating motif also comprise a modified 5′ terminal nucleoside, such as those of formula IIc or IIe.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region having a 2-2-3 motif. Such regions comprises the following motif:

-(A)₂-(B)_(x)-(A)₂-(C)_(y)-(A)₃-

wherein: A is a first type of modified nucleoside;

B and C, are nucleosides that are differently modified than A, however, B and C may have the same or different modifications as one another;

x and y are from 1 to 15.

In certain embodiments, A is a 2′-OMe modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, B and C are both 2′-F modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, A is a 2′-OMe modified nucleoside and B and C are both 2′-F modified nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleosides have the following sugar motif:

5′-(Q)-(AB)_(x)A_(y)-(D)_(z)

wherein:

Q is a nucleoside comprising a stabilized phosphate moiety. In certain embodiments, Q is a nucleoside having Formula IIc or IIe;

A is a first type of modified nucleoside;

B is a second type of modified nucleoside;

D is a modified nucleoside comprising a modification different from the nucleoside adjacent to it. Thus, if y is 0, then D must be differently modified than B and if y is 1, then D must be differently modified than A. In certain embodiments, D differs from both A and B.

X is 5-15;

Y is 0 or 1;

Z is 0-4.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleosides have the following sugar motif:

5′-(Q)-(A)_(x)-(D)_(z)

wherein:

Q is a nucleoside comprising a stabilized phosphate moiety. In certain embodiments, Q is a nucleoside having Formula IIc or IIe;

A is a first type of modified nucleoside;

D is a modified nucleoside comprising a modification different from A.

X is 11-30;

Z is 0-4.

In certain embodiments A, B, C, and D in the above motifs are selected from: 2′-OMe, 2′-F, 2′-MOE, LNA, and cEt. In certain embodiments, D represents terminal nucleosides. In certain embodiments, such terminal nucleosides are not designed to hybridize to the target nucleic acid (though one or more might hybridize by chance). In certain embodiments, the nucleobase of each D nucleoside is adenine, regardless of the identity of the nucleobase at the corresponding position of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments the nucleobase of each D nucleoside is thymine.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds, including those particularly suited for use as ssRNA comprise modified internucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or modified internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region having an alternating internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region of uniformly modified internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a region that is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate and at least one internucleoside linkage is phosphorothioate.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 6 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 8 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 10 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 6 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 8 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 10 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least one 12 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located at the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located within 3 nucleosides of the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide.

Oligonucleotides having any of the various sugar motifs described herein, may have any linkage motif. For example, the oligonucleotides, including but not limited to those described above, may have a linkage motif selected from non-limiting the table below:

5′ most linkage Central region 3′-region PS Alternating PO/PS 6 PS PS Alternating PO/PS 7 PS PS Alternating PO/PS 8 PS

ii. siRNA Compounds

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are double-stranded RNAi compounds (siRNA). In such embodiments, one or both strands may comprise any modification motif described above for ssRNA. In certain embodiments, ssRNA compounds may be unmodified RNA. In certain embodiments, siRNA compounds may comprise unmodified RNA nucleosides, but modified internucleoside linkages.

Several embodiments relate to double-stranded compositions wherein each strand comprises a motif defined by the location of one or more modified or unmodified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, compositions are provided comprising a first and a second oligomeric compound that are fully or at least partially hybridized to form a duplex region and further comprising a region that is complementary to and hybridizes to a nucleic acid target. It is suitable that such a composition comprise a first oligomeric compound that is an antisense strand having full or partial complementarity to a nucleic acid target and a second oligomeric compound that is a sense strand having one or more regions of complementarity to and forming at least one duplex region with the first oligomeric compound.

The compositions of several embodiments modulate gene expression by hybridizing to a nucleic acid target resulting in loss of its normal function. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid is UBE3A-ATS. In certain embodiment, the degradation of the targeted UBE3A-ATS is facilitated by an activated RISC complex that is formed with compositions of the invention.

Several embodiments are directed to double-stranded compositions wherein one of the strands is useful in, for example, influencing the preferential loading of the opposite strand into the RISC (or cleavage) complex. The compositions are useful for targeting selected nucleic acid molecules and modulating the expression of one or more genes. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention hybridize to a portion of a target RNA resulting in loss of normal function of the target RNA.

Certain embodiments are drawn to double-stranded compositions wherein both the strands comprises a hemimer motif, a fully modified motif, a positionally modified motif or an alternating motif Each strand of the compositions of the present invention can be modified to fulfil a particular role in for example the siRNA pathway. Using a different motif in each strand or the same motif with different chemical modifications in each strand permits targeting the antisense strand for the RISC complex while inhibiting the incorporation of the sense strand. Within this model, each strand can be independently modified such that it is enhanced for its particular role. The antisense strand can be modified at the 5′-end to enhance its role in one region of the RISC while the 3′-end can be modified differentially to enhance its role in a different region of the RISC.

The double-stranded oligonucleotide molecules can be a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof. The double-stranded oligonucleotide molecules can be assembled from two separate oligonucleotides, where one strand is the sense strand and the other is the antisense strand, wherein the antisense and sense strands are self-complementary (i.e. each strand comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in the other strand; such as where the antisense strand and sense strand form a duplex or double-stranded structure, for example wherein the double-stranded region is about 15 to about 30, e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 base pairs; the antisense strand comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense strand comprises nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof (e.g., about 15 to about 25 or more nucleotides of the double-stranded oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to the target nucleic acid or a portion thereof). Alternatively, the double-stranded oligonucleotide is assembled from a single oligonucleotide, where the self-complementary sense and antisense regions of the siRNA are linked by means of a nucleic acid based or non-nucleic acid-based linker(s).

The double-stranded oligonucleotide can be a polynucleotide with a duplex, asymmetric duplex, hairpin or asymmetric hairpin secondary structure, having self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a separate target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof. The double-stranded oligonucleotide can be a circular single-stranded polynucleotide having two or more loop structures and a stem comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof, and wherein the circular polynucleotide can be processed either in vivo or in vitro to generate an active siRNA molecule capable of mediating RNAi.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide comprises separate sense and antisense sequences or regions, wherein the sense and antisense regions are covalently linked by nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers molecules as is known in the art, or are alternately non-covalently linked by ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and/or stacking interactions. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of a target gene. In another embodiment, the double-stranded oligonucleotide interacts with nucleotide sequence of a target gene in a manner that causes inhibition of expression of the target gene.

As used herein, double-stranded oligonucleotides need not be limited to those molecules containing only RNA, but further encompasses chemically modified nucleotides and non-nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the short interfering nucleic acid molecules lack 2′-hydroxy (2′-OH) containing nucleotides. In certain embodiments short interfering nucleic acids optionally do not include any ribonucleotides (e.g., nucleotides having a 2′-OH group). Such double-stranded oligonucleotides that do not require the presence of ribonucleotides within the molecule to support RNAi can however have an attached linker or linkers or other attached or associated groups, moieties, or chains containing one or more nucleotides with 2′-OH groups. Optionally, double-stranded oligonucleotides can comprise ribonucleotides at about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of the nucleotide positions. As used herein, the term siRNA is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe nucleic acid molecules that are capable of mediating sequence specific RNAi, for example short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), short interfering oligonucleotide, short interfering nucleic acid, short interfering modified oligonucleotide, chemically modified siRNA, post-transcriptional gene silencing RNA (ptgsRNA), and others. In addition, as used herein, the term RNAi is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe sequence specific RNA interference, such as post transcriptional gene silencing, translational inhibition, or epigenetics. For example, double-stranded oligonucleotides can be used to epigenetically silence genes at both the post-transcriptional level and the pre-transcriptional level. In a non-limiting example, epigenetic regulation of gene expression by siRNA molecules of the invention can result from siRNA mediated modification of chromatin structure or methylation pattern to alter gene expression (see, for example, Verdel et al., 2004, Science, 303, 672-676; Pal-Bhadra et al., 2004, Science, 303, 669-672; Allshire, 2002, Science, 297, 1818-1819; Volpe et al., 2002, Science, 297, 1833-1837; Jenuwein, 2002, Science, 297, 2215-2218; and Hall et al., 2002, Science, 297, 2232-2237).

It is contemplated that compounds and compositions of several embodiments provided herein can target UBE3A-ATS by a dsRNA-mediated gene silencing or RNAi mechanism, including, e.g., “hairpin” or stem-loop double-stranded RNA effector molecules in which a single RNA strand with self-complementary sequences is capable of assuming a double-stranded conformation, or duplex dsRNA effector molecules comprising two separate strands of RNA. In various embodiments, the dsRNA consists entirely of ribonucleotides or consists of a mixture of ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides, such as the RNA/DNA hybrids disclosed, for example, by WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000, or U.S. Ser. No. 60/130,377, filed Apr. 21, 1999. The dsRNA or dsRNA effector molecule may be a single molecule with a region of self-complementarity such that nucleotides in one segment of the molecule base pair with nucleotides in another segment of the molecule. In various embodiments, a dsRNA that consists of a single molecule consists entirely of ribonucleotides or includes a region of ribonucleotides that is complementary to a region of deoxyribonucleotides. Alternatively, the dsRNA may include two different strands that have a region of complementarity to each other.

In various embodiments, both strands consist entirely of ribonucleotides, one strand consists entirely of ribonucleotides and one strand consists entirely of deoxyribonucleotides, or one or both strands contain a mixture of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the regions of complementarity are at least 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or 100% complementary to each other and to a target nucleic acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the region of the dsRNA that is present in a double-stranded conformation includes at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 50, 75, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 or 5000 nucleotides or includes all of the nucleotides in a cDNA or other target nucleic acid sequence being represented in the dsRNA. In some embodiments, the dsRNA does not contain any single stranded regions, such as single stranded ends, or the dsRNA is a hairpin. In other embodiments, the dsRNA has one or more single stranded regions or overhangs. In certain embodiments, RNA/DNA hybrids include a DNA strand or region that is an antisense strand or region (e.g, has at least 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or 100% complementarity to a target nucleic acid) and an RNA strand or region that is a sense strand or region (e.g, has at least 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or 100% identity to a target nucleic acid), and vice versa.

In various embodiments, the RNA/DNA hybrid is made in vitro using enzymatic or chemical synthetic methods such as those described herein or those described in WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000, or U.S. Ser. No. 60/130,377, filed Apr. 21, 1999. In other embodiments, a DNA strand synthesized in vitro is complexed with an RNA strand made in vivo or in vitro before, after, or concurrent with the transformation of the DNA strand into the cell. In yet other embodiments, the dsRNA is a single circular nucleic acid containing a sense and an antisense region, or the dsRNA includes a circular nucleic acid and either a second circular nucleic acid or a linear nucleic acid (see, for example, WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000, or U.S. Ser. No. 60/130,377, filed Apr. 21, 1999.) Exemplary circular nucleic acids include lariat structures in which the free 5′ phosphoryl group of a nucleotide becomes linked to the 2′ hydroxyl group of another nucleotide in a loop back fashion.

In other embodiments, the dsRNA includes one or more modified nucleotides in which the 2′ position in the sugar contains a halogen (such as fluorine group) or contains an alkoxy group (such as a methoxy group) which increases the half-life of the dsRNA in vitro or in vivo compared to the corresponding dsRNA in which the corresponding 2′ position contains a hydrogen or an hydroxyl group. In yet other embodiments, the dsRNA includes one or more linkages between adjacent nucleotides other than a naturally-occurring phosphodiester linkage. Examples of such linkages include phosphoramide, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioate linkages. The dsRNAs may also be chemically modified nucleic acid molecules as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,661. In other embodiments, the dsRNA contains one or two capped strands, as disclosed, for example, by WO 00/63364, filed Apr. 19, 2000, or U.S. Ser. No. 60/130,377, filed Apr. 21, 1999.

In other embodiments, the dsRNA can be any of the at least partially dsRNA molecules disclosed in WO 00/63364, as well as any of the dsRNA molecules described in U.S. Provisional Application 60/399,998; and U.S. Provisional Application 60/419,532, and PCT/US2003/033466, the teaching of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Any of the dsRNAs may be expressed in vitro or in vivo using the methods described herein or standard methods, such as those described in WO 00/63364.

Occupancy

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are not expected to result in cleavage or the target nucleic acid via RNase H or to result in cleavage or sequestration through the RISC pathway. In certain such embodiments, antisense activity may result from occupancy, wherein the presence of the hybridized antisense compound disrupts the activity of the target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, the antisense compound may be uniformly modified or may comprise a mix of modifications and/or modified and unmodified nucleosides.

Target Nucleic Acids, Target Regions and Nucleotide Sequences

In certain embodiments, the UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid comprises the sequence set forth in the complement of GENBANK accession number NT 187035.1 truncated from nucleotides 20128178 to 21349207, herein referred to as SEQ ID NO: 1. The MBII-85 snoRNA region is found within nucleotides 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The mouse and human genomic loci corresponding to these SEQ ID NOs share a highly conserved genomic organization that includes a Snrpn gene, snoRNAs, and UBE3A-ATS in the same structural arrangement along their syntenic chromosomes. In addition to the highly conserved genomic map of the mouse and human syntenic loci, the genomic imprinting mechanism is also conserved at this loci; in mice and humans, most neurons express Ube3a only from the maternally-inherited allele. (Huang, H. S. et al., Nature, 481: 185-189, 2012).

Certain embodiments relate to a method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS within nucleotides 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

Hybridization

In some embodiments, hybridization occurs between an antisense compound disclosed herein and an UBE3A-ATS. The most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding (e.g., Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding) between complementary nucleobases of the nucleic acid molecules.

Hybridization can occur under varying conditions. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and are determined by the nature and composition of the nucleic acid molecules to be hybridized.

Methods of determining whether a sequence is specifically hybridizable to a target nucleic acid are well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein are specifically hybridizable with UBE3A-ATS.

Complementarity

An antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of nucleobases of the antisense compound can hydrogen bond with the corresponding nucleobases of the target nucleic acid, such that a desired effect will occur (e.g., antisense inhibition of a target nucleic acid, such as a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid).

Non-complementary nucleobases between an antisense compound and a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid may be tolerated provided that the antisense compound remains able to specifically hybridize to a target nucleic acid. Moreover, an antisense compound may hybridize over one or more segments of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure).

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein, or a specified portion thereof, are, or are at least, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid, a target region, target segment, or specified portion thereof. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a target nucleic acid can be determined using routine methods.

For example, an antisense compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having four noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403 410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649 656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482 489).

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds provided herein, or specified portions thereof, are fully complementary (i.e. 100% complementary) to a target nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof. For example, an antisense compound may be fully complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid, or a target region, or a target segment or target sequence thereof. As used herein, “fully complementary” means each nucleobase of an antisense compound is capable of precise base pairing with the corresponding nucleobases of a target nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase antisense compound is fully complementary to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long, so long as there is a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion of the target nucleic acid that is fully complementary to the antisense compound. Fully complementary can also be used in reference to a specified portion of the first and/or the second nucleic acid. For example, a 20 nucleobase portion of a 30 nucleobase antisense compound can be “fully complementary” to a target sequence that is 400 nucleobases long. The 20 nucleobase portion of the 30 nucleobase oligonucleotide is fully complementary to the target sequence if the target sequence has a corresponding 20 nucleobase portion wherein each nucleobase is complementary to the 20 nucleobase portion of the antisense compound. At the same time, the entire 30 nucleobase antisense compound may or may not be fully complementary to the target sequence, depending on whether the remaining 10 nucleobases of the antisense compound are also complementary to the target sequence.

The location of a non-complementary nucleobase may be at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the antisense compound. Alternatively, the non-complementary nucleobase or nucleobases may be at an internal position of the antisense compound. When two or more non-complementary nucleobases are present, they may be contiguous (i.e. linked) or non-contiguous. In one embodiment, a non-complementary nucleobase is located in the wing segment of a gapmer antisense oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds that are, or are up to 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds that are, or are up to 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length comprise no more than 6, no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2, or no more than 1 non-complementary nucleobase(s) relative to a target nucleic acid, such as a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid, or specified portion thereof.

The antisense compounds provided also include those which are complementary to a portion of a target nucleic acid. As used herein, “portion” refers to a defined number of contiguous (i.e. linked) nucleobases within a region or segment of a target nucleic acid. A “portion” can also refer to a defined number of contiguous nucleobases of an antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, are complementary to at least an 8 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 9 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 10 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least an 11 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 12 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 13 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 14 nucleobase portion of a target segment. In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds are complementary to at least a 15 nucleobase portion of a target segment. Also contemplated are antisense compounds that are complementary to at least a 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more nucleobase portion of a target segment, or a range defined by any two of these values.

Identity

The antisense compounds provided herein may also have a defined percent identity to a particular nucleotide sequence, SEQ ID NO, or compound represented by a specific Isis number, or portion thereof. As used herein, an antisense compound is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, a RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in a disclosed DNA sequence would be considered identical to the DNA sequence since both uracil and thymidine pair with adenine. Shortened and lengthened versions of the antisense compounds described herein as well as compounds having non-identical bases relative to the antisense compounds provided herein also are contemplated. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other or dispersed throughout the antisense compound. Percent identity of an antisense compound is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing relative to the sequence to which it is being compared.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds, or portions thereof, are at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to one or more of the antisense compounds or SEQ ID NOs, or a portion thereof, disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, a portion of the antisense compound is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a portion of the antisense oligonucleotide is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleobase portion is compared to an equal length portion of the target nucleic acid.

Modifications

A nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The nucleobase (also known as base) portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base moiety. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. Oligonucleotides are formed through the covalent linkage of adjacent nucleosides to one another, to form a linear polymeric oligonucleotide. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside linkages of the oligonucleotide.

Modifications to antisense compounds encompass substitutions or changes to internucleoside linkages, sugar moieties, or nucleobases. Modified antisense compounds are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target, increased stability in the presence of nucleases, or increased inhibitory activity.

Chemically modified nucleosides may also be employed to increase the binding affinity of a shortened or truncated antisense oligonucleotide for its target nucleic acid. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter antisense compounds that have such chemically modified nucleosides.

Modified Internucleoside Linkages

The naturally occurring internucleoside linkage of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage. Antisense compounds having one or more modified, i.e. non-naturally occurring, internucleoside linkages are often selected over antisense compounds having naturally occurring internucleoside linkages because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for target nucleic acids, and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

Oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkages include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom as well as internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the modified internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of an antisense compound is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Modified Sugar Moieties

Antisense compounds can optionally contain one or more nucleosides wherein the sugar group has been modified. Such sugar modified nucleosides may impart enhanced nuclease stability, increased binding affinity, or some other beneficial biological property to the antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, nucleosides comprise chemically modified ribofuranose ring moieties. Examples of chemically modified ribofuranose rings include without limitation, addition of substitutent groups (including 5′ and 2′ substituent groups, bridging of non-geminal ring atoms to form bicyclic nucleic acids (BNA), replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S, N(R), or C(R₁)(R₂) (R, R₁ and R₂ are each independently H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or a protecting group) and combinations thereof. Examples of chemically modified sugars include 2′-F-5′-methyl substituted nucleoside (see PCT International Application WO 2008/101157 Published on Aug. 21, 2008 for other disclosed 5′,2′-bis substituted nucleosides) or replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S with further substitution at the 2′-position (see published U.S. Patent Application US2005-0130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) or alternatively 5′-substitution of a BNA (see PCT International Application WO 2007/134181 Published on Nov. 22, 2007 wherein LNA is substituted with for example a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group).

Examples of nucleosides having modified sugar moieties include without limitation nucleosides comprising 5′-vinyl, 5′-methyl (R or S), 4′-S, 2′-F, 2′-OCH₃, 2′-OCH₂CH₃, 2′-OCH₂CH₂F and 2′-O(CH₂)₂OCH₃ substituent groups. The substituent at the 2′ position can also be selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, OCF₃, OCH₂F, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), and O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R₁)—(CH₂)₂—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(l), R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

As used herein, “bicyclic nucleosides” refer to modified nucleosides comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety. Examples of bicyclic nucleosides include without limitation nucleosides comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ ribosyl ring atoms. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds provided herein include one or more bicyclic nucleosides comprising a 4′ to 2′ bridge. Examples of such 4′ to 2′ bridged bicyclic nucleosides, include but are not limited to one of the formulae: 4′-(CH₂)—O-2′ (LNA); 4′-(CH₂)—S-2; 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′ (ENA); 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ (also referred to as constrained ethyl or cEt) and 4′-CH(CH₂OCH₃)—O-2′ (and analogs thereof see U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, issued on Jul. 15, 2008); 4′-C(CH₃)(CH₃)—O-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO/2009/006478, published Jan. 8, 2009); 4′-CH₂—N(OCH₃)-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO/2008/150729, published Dec. 11, 2008); 4′-CH₂—O—N(CH₃)-2′ (see published U.S. Patent Application US2004-0171570, published Sep. 2, 2004); 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′, wherein R is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, or a protecting group (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672, issued on Sep. 23, 2008); 4′-CH₂—C—(H)(CH₃)-2′ (see Chattopadhyaya et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134); and 4′-CH₂—C(═CH₂)-2′ (and analogs thereof see published International Application WO 2008/154401, published on Dec. 8, 2008).

Further reports related to bicyclic nucleosides can also be found in published literature (see for example: Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(26) 8362-8379; Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invest. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8, 1-7; and Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,490; 6,525,191; 6,670,461; 6,770,748; 6,794,499; 7,034,133; 7,053,207; 7,399,845; 7,547,684; and 7,696,345; U.S. Patent Publication No. US2008-0039618; US2009-0012281; U.S. Patent Ser. Nos. 60/989,574; 61/026,995; 61/026,998; 61/056,564; 61/086,231; 61/097,787; and 61/099,844; Published PCT International applications WO 1994/014226; WO 2004/106356; WO 2005/021570; WO 2007/134181; WO 2008/150729; WO 2008/154401; and WO 2009/006478. Each of the foregoing bicyclic nucleosides can be prepared having one or more stereochemical sugar configurations including for example α-L-ribofuranose and β-D-ribofuranose (see PCT international application PCT/DK98/00393, published on Mar. 25, 1999 as WO 99/14226).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties of BNA nucleosides include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the pentofuranosyl sugar moiety wherein such bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —C(R_(a))═C(R_(b))—, —C(R_(a))═N—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR_(a))—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R_(a))₂—, —S(═O)_(x)—, and —N(R_(a))—;

wherein:

x is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R_(a) and R_(b) is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)₂-J₁), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J₁); and

each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl or a protecting group.

In certain embodiments, the bridge of a bicyclic sugar moiety is —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—O—, —C(R_(a)R_(b))—N(R)—O— or —C(R_(a)R_(b))—O—N(R)—. In certain embodiments, the bridge is 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′ and 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′- wherein each R is, independently, H, a protecting group or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 4′-2′ methylene-oxy bridge, may be in the α-L configuration or in the β-D configuration. Previously, α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA's have been incorporated into antisense oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA, (B) β-D-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA, (C) ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′) BNA, (D) aminooxy (4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′) BNA, (E) oxyamino (4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′) BNA, and (F) methyl(methyleneoxy) (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) BNA, (G) methylene-thio (4′-CH₂—S-2′) BNA, (H) methylene-amino (4′-CH₂—N(R)-2′) BNA, (I) methyl carbocyclic (4′-CH₂—CH(CH₃)-2′) BNA, (J) propylene carbocyclic (4′-(CH₂)₃-2′) BNA and (K) vinyl BNA as depicted below:

wherein Bx is the base moiety and R is independently H, a protecting group, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula I:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

-Q_(a)-Q_(b)-Q_(c)- is —CH₂—N(R_(c))—CH₂—, —C(═O)—N(R_(c))—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—N(R_(c))—, —CH₂—N(R_(c))—O— or —N(R_(c))—O—CH₂;

R_(c) is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or an amino protecting group; and

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula II:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

Z_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, substituted amide, thiol or substituted thio.

In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ_(c), NJ_(c)J_(d), SJ_(c), N₃, OC(═X)J_(c), and NJ_(c)C(═X)NJ_(e)J_(d), wherein each J_(c), J_(d) and J_(e) is, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl and X is O or NJ_(c).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula III:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

Z_(b) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted acyl (C(═O)—).

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula IV:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

R_(d) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl;

each q_(a), q_(b), q_(c) and q_(d) is, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, acyl, substituted acyl, C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl or substituted C₁-C₆ aminoalkyl;

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula V:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

q_(a), q_(b), q_(e) and q_(f) are each, independently, hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, OJ_(j), SJ_(j), SOJ_(j), SO₂J_(j), NJ_(j)J_(k), N₃, CN, C(═O)OJ_(j), C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), C(═O)J_(j), O—C(═O)-NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═NH)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k) or N(H)C(═S)NJ_(j)J_(k);

or q_(e) and q_(f) together are ═C(q_(g))(q_(h));

q_(g) and q_(h) are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

The synthesis and preparation of the methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). BNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

Analogs of methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA and 2′-thio-BNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs comprising oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., WO 99/14226). Furthermore, synthesis of 2′-amino-BNA, a novel conformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2′-amino- and 2′-methylamino-BNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic nucleosides are provided having Formula VI:

wherein:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group, a reactive phosphorus group, a phosphorus moiety or a covalent attachment to a support medium;

each q_(i), q_(j), q_(k) and q_(l) is, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxyl, OJ_(j), SJ_(j), SOJ_(j), SO₂J_(j), NJ_(j)J_(k), N₃, CN, C(═O)OJ_(j), C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), C(═O)J_(j), O—C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═NH)NJ_(j)J_(k), N(H)C(═O)NJ_(j)J_(k) or N(H)C(═S)NJ_(j)J_(k); and

q_(i) and q_(j) or q_(l) and q_(k) together are ═C(q_(g))(q_(h)), wherein q_(g) and q_(h) are each, independently, H, halogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

One carbocyclic bicyclic nucleoside having a 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′ bridge and the alkenyl analog bridge 4′-CH═CH—CH₂-2′ have been described (Freier et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443 and Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740). The synthesis and preparation of carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides along with their oligomerization and biochemical studies have also been described (Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(26), 8362-8379).

As used herein, “4′-2′ bicyclic nucleoside” or “4′ to 2′ bicyclic nucleoside” refers to a bicyclic nucleoside comprising a furanose ring comprising a bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the furanose ring connects the 2′ carbon atom and the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “monocyclic nucleosides” refer to nucleosides comprising modified sugar moieties that are not bicyclic sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, the sugar moiety, or sugar moiety analogue, of a nucleoside may be modified or substituted at any position.

As used herein, “2′-modified sugar” means a furanosyl sugar modified at the 2′ position. In certain embodiments, such modifications include substituents selected from: a halide, including, but not limited to substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted thioalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted amino alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted allyl, and substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, 2′ modifications are selected from substituents including, but not limited to: O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)—NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)F, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, OCH₂C(═O)N(H)CH₃, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other 2′-substituent groups can also be selected from: C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, F, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving pharmacokinetic properties, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an antisense compound, and other substituents having similar properties. In certain embodiments, modified nucleosides comprise a 2′-MOE side chain (Baker et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11944-12000). Such 2′-MOE substitution have been described as having improved binding affinity compared to unmodified nucleosides and to other modified nucleosides, such as 2′-O-methyl, O-propyl, and O-aminopropyl. Oligonucleotides having the 2′-MOE substituent also have been shown to be antisense inhibitors of gene expression with promising features for in vivo use (Martin, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504; Altmann et al., Chimia, 1996, 50, 168-176; Altmann et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24, 630-637; and Altmann et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 1997, 16, 917-926).

As used herein, a “modified tetrahydropyran nucleoside” or “modified THP nucleoside” means a nucleoside having a six-membered tetrahydropyran “sugar” substituted in for the pentofuranosyl residue in normal nucleosides (a sugar surrogate). Modified THP nucleosides include, but are not limited to, what is referred to in the art as hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), anitol nucleic acid (ANA), manitol nucleic acid (MNA) (see Leumann, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 841-854) or fluoro HNA (F-HNA) having a tetrahydropyran ring system as illustrated below:

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates are selected having Formula VII:

wherein independently for each of said at least one tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog of Formula VII:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T_(a) and T_(b) are each, independently, an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound or one of T_(a) and T_(b) is an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound and the other of T_(a) and T_(b) is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or a 5′ or 3′-terminal group;

q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; and each of R₁ and R₂ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(═X)J₁, OC(═X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃C(═X)NJ₁J₂ and CN, wherein X is O, S or NJ₁ and each J₁, J₂ and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the modified THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is methyl. In certain embodiments, THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein one of R₁ and R₂ is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R₁ is fluoro and R₂ is H; R₁ is methoxy and R₂ is H, and R₁ is methoxyethoxy and R₂ is H.

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having more than 5 atoms and more than one heteroatom. For example nucleosides comprising morpholino sugar moieties and their use in oligomeric compounds has been reported (see for example: Braasch et al., Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 4503-4510; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; and 5,034,506). As used here, the term “morpholino” means a sugar surrogate having the following formula:

In certain embodiments, morpholinos may be modified, for example by adding or altering various substituent groups from the above morpholino structure. Such sugar surrogates are referred to herein as “modified morpholinos.”

Combinations of modifications are also provided without limitation, such as 2′-F-5′-methyl substituted nucleosides (see PCT International Application WO 2008/101157 published on Aug. 21, 2008 for other disclosed 5′, 2′-bis substituted nucleosides) and replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S and further substitution at the 2′-position (see published U.S. Patent Application US2005-0130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) or alternatively 5′-substitution of a bicyclic nucleic acid (see PCT International Application WO 2007/134181, published on Nov. 22, 2007 wherein a 4′-CH₂—O-2′ bicyclic nucleoside is further substituted at the 5′ position with a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group). The synthesis and preparation of carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides along with their oligomerization and biochemical studies have also been described (see, e.g., Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129(26), 8362-8379).

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds comprise one or more modified cyclohexenyl nucleosides, which is a nucleoside having a six-membered cyclohexenyl in place of the pentofuranosyl residue in naturally occurring nucleosides. Modified cyclohexenyl nucleosides include, but are not limited to those described in the art (see for example commonly owned, published PCT Application WO 2010/036696, published on Apr. 10, 2010, Robeyns et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(6), 1979-1984; Horvath et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 2007, 48, 3621-3623; Nauwelaerts et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(30), 9340-9348; Gu et al., Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids, 2005, 24(5-7), 993-998; Nauwelaerts et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2005, 33(8), 2452-2463; Robeyns et al., Acta Crystallographica, Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications, 2005, F61(6), 585-586; Gu et al., Tetrahedron, 2004, 60(9), 2111-2123; Gu et al., Oligonucleotides, 2003, 13(6), 479-489; Wang et al., J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 4499-4505; Verbeure et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, 29(24), 4941-4947; Wang et al., J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 8478-82; Wang et al., Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids, 2001, 20(4-7), 785-788; Wang et al., J. Am. Chem., 2000, 122, 8595-8602; Published PCT application, WO 06/047842; and Published PCT Application WO 01/049687; the text of each is incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety). Certain modified cyclohexenyl nucleosides have Formula X.

wherein independently for each of said at least one cyclohexenyl nucleoside analog of Formula X:

Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;

T₃ and T₄ are each, independently, an internucleoside linking group linking the cyclohexenyl nucleoside analog to an antisense compound or one of T₃ and T₄ is an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to an antisense compound and the other of T₃ and T₄ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group, or a 5′- or 3′-terminal group; and

q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆, q₇, q₈ and q₉ are each, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl or other sugar substituent group.

As used herein, “2′-modified” or “2′-substituted” refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a substituent at the 2′ position other than H or OH. 2′-modified nucleosides, include, but are not limited to, bicyclic nucleosides wherein the bridge connecting two carbon atoms of the sugar ring connects the 2′ carbon and another carbon of the sugar ring; and nucleosides with non-bridging 2′substituents, such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OCF₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃, 2′-O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), or O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. 2′-modified nucleosides may further comprise other modifications, for example at other positions of the sugar and/or at the nucleobase.

As used herein, “2′-F” refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a fluoro group at the 2′ position of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “2′-OMe” or “2′-OCH₃” or “2′-O-methyl” each refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising an —OCH₃ group at the 2′ position of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “MOE” or “2′-MOE” or “2′-OCH₂CH₂OCH₃” or “2′-O-methoxyethyl” each refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising a —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃ group at the 2′ position of the sugar ring.

As used herein, “oligonucleotide” refers to a compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, one or more of the plurality of nucleosides is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises one or more ribonucleosides (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleosides (DNA).

Many other bicyclo and tricyclo sugar surrogate ring systems are also known in the art that can be used to modify nucleosides for incorporation into antisense compounds (see for example review article: Leumann, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 841-854). Such ring systems can undergo various additional substitutions to enhance activity.

Methods for the preparations of modified sugars are well known to those skilled in the art. Some representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugars include without limitation, U.S.: 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,670,633; 5,700,920; 5,792,847 and 6,600,032 and International Application PCT/US2005/019219, filed Jun. 2, 2005 and published as WO 2005/121371 on Dec. 22, 2005, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In nucleotides having modified sugar moieties, the nucleobase moieties (natural, modified or a combination thereof) are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds comprise one or more nucleosides having modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar moiety is 2′-MOE. In certain embodiments, the 2′-MOE modified nucleosides are arranged in a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, the modified sugar moiety is a bicyclic nucleoside having a (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) bridging group. In certain embodiments, the (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) modified nucleosides are arranged throughout the wings of a gapmer motif.

Modified Nucleobases

Nucleobase (or base) modifications or substitutions are structurally distinguishable from, yet functionally interchangeable with, naturally occurring or synthetic unmodified nucleobases. Both natural and modified nucleobases are capable of participating in hydrogen bonding. Such nucleobase modifications can impart nuclease stability, binding affinity or some other beneficial biological property to antisense compounds. Modified nucleobases include synthetic and natural nucleobases such as, for example, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C). Certain nucleobase substitutions, including 5-methylcytosine substitutions, are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of an antisense compound for a target nucleic acid. For example, 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278).

Additional modified nucleobases include 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH3) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.

Heterocyclic base moieties can also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Nucleobases that are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of antisense compounds include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2 aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, shortened or gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is 5-methylcytosine. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine.

Conjugated Antisense Compounds

Antisense compounds may be covalently linked to one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the resulting antisense oligonucleotides. Typical conjugate groups include cholesterol moieties and lipid moieties. Additional conjugate groups include carbohydrates, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.

Antisense compounds can also be modified to have one or more stabilizing groups that are generally attached to one or both termini of antisense compounds to enhance properties such as, for example, nuclease stability. Included in stabilizing groups are cap structures. These terminal modifications protect the antisense compound having terminal nucleic acid from exonuclease degradation, and can help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap can be present at the 5′-terminus (5′-cap), or at the 3′-terminus (3′-cap), or can be present on both termini. Cap structures are well known in the art and include, for example, inverted deoxy abasic caps. Further 3′ and 5′-stabilizing groups that can be used to cap one or both ends of an antisense compound to impart nuclease stability include those disclosed in WO 03/004602 published on Jan. 16, 2003.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds, including, but not limited to those particularly suited for use as ssRNA, are modified by attachment of one or more conjugate groups. In general, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts and are linked directly or via an optional conjugate linking moiety or conjugate linking group to a parent compound such as an oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups includes without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes. Certain conjugate groups have been described previously, for example: cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937).

For additional conjugates including those useful for ssRNA and their placement within antisense compounds, see e.g., U.S. Application No. 61/583,963.

In Vitro Testing of Antisense Oligonucleotides

Described herein are methods for treatment of cells with antisense oligonucleotides, which can be modified appropriately for treatment with other antisense compounds.

Cells may be treated with antisense oligonucleotides when the cells reach approximately 60-80% confluency in culture.

One reagent commonly used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes the cationic lipid transfection reagent LIPOFECTIN (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotides may be mixed with LIPOFECTIN in OPTI-MEM 1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired final concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTIN concentration that may range from 2 to 12 ug/mL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide.

Another reagent used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes LIPOFECTAMINE (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Antisense oligonucleotide is mixed with LIPOFECTAMINE in OPTI-MEM 1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired concentration of antisense oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTAMINE concentration that may range from 2 to 12 ug/mL per 100 nM antisense oligonucleotide.

Another technique used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes electroporation.

Yet another technique used to introduce antisense oligonucleotides into cultured cells includes free uptake of the oligonucleotides by the cells.

Cells are treated with antisense oligonucleotides by routine methods. Cells may be harvested 16-24 hours after antisense oligonucleotide treatment, at which time RNA or protein levels of target nucleic acids are measured by methods known in the art and described herein. In general, when treatments are performed in multiple replicates, the data are presented as the average of the replicate treatments.

The concentration of antisense oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. Methods to determine the optimal antisense oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line are well known in the art. Antisense oligonucleotides are typically used at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 300 nM when transfected with LIPOFECTAMINE. Antisense oligonucleotides are used at higher concentrations ranging from 625 to 20,000 nM when transfected using electroporation.

RNA Isolation

RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. RNA is prepared using methods well known in the art, for example, using the TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols.

EXAMPLES Non-Limiting Disclosure and Incorporation by Reference

While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Example 1: Antisense Inhibition of the Antisense Sequence of Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3A (Ube3a-ATS) in Primary Neuronal Cells

Antisense oligonucleotides were designed to target the MBII-85 snoRNA of the mouse Ube3a antisense sequence. As used herein, the mouse Ube3a antisense sequence is the complement of GENBANK accession number NT 187035.1 truncated from nucleotides 20128178 to 21349207, herein referred to as SEQ ID NO: 1. The MBII-85 snoRNA region is found within nucleotides 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The MBII-85 region comprises many repeats, and each antisense oligonucleotide in Table 1 targets a repeat sequence; thus, each antisense oligonucleotide in Table 1 has multiple start and stop sites within the MBII-85 snoRNA region of SEQ ID NO: 1. The antisense oligonucleotides described in Table 1 were tested for their effects on down-regulation of the Ube3a antisense transcript in vitro.

The newly designed chimeric antisense oligonucleotides in Table 1 were designed as 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. The gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises of ten 2′-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on the 5′ direction and the 3′ direction comprising five nucleosides each. Each nucleoside in the 5′ wing segment and each nucleoside in the 3′ wing segment has a 2′-MOE modification. The internucleoside linkages throughout each gapmer are phosphorothioate or phosphodiester linkages. All cytosine residues throughout each gapmer are 5-methylcytosines.

Primary cortical neurons were isolated from embryonic day 14 CD-1 mice (Charles River) and grown on poly-D-lysine coated cell culture plates in complete medium (Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, GlutaMAX, and antibiotic/antimycotic). The next day, 10 μM of an oligonucleotide listed in Table 1 or PBS was added directly to the cell culture medium. Three days later, cells were washed in 1×PBS and lysed in RLT buffer (Qiagen). RNA isolation was performed using RNeasy 96 plates (Qiagen). One-step qRT-PCR of the Ube3a antisense transcript (“Ube3a-ATS”) was performed using the EXPRESS One-Step SYBR GreenER qRT-PCR Kit (Life Technologies) for SYBR qRT-PCR. Ribogreen was used for normalization. The results are presented in Table 1 as the percent of normalized Ube3a-ATS expression relative to the PBS treated control. As shown in Table 1, the antisense oligonucleotides reduced Ube3a-ATS expression to less than half of the expression in PBS treated control cells.

TABLE 1 ISIS Ube3a-ATS SEQ No. Sequence (% PBS) ID NO. 705095 ^(m)C_(es) T_(eo) G_(eo) G_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) 47  2 G_(eo) A_(eo) Te^(m) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 705096 T_(es) G_(eo) A_(eo) ^(m)C_(eo) T_(eo) G_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) 41  3 A_(eo) T_(eo) A_(es) G_(es) A_(e) 705097 G_(es) T_(eo) T_(eo) T_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) 30  4 A_(eo) T_(eo) ^(m)C_(es) A_(es) T_(e) 705098 A_(es) A_(eo) T_(eo) G_(eo) T_(eo) T_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) 35  5 A_(eo) T_(eo) ^(m)C_(es) A_(es) T_(e) 705099 A_(es) G_(eo) G_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) 39  6 G_(eo) G_(eo) A_(es) A_(es) T_(e) 705100 ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) G_(ds) A_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) 32  7 ^(m)C_(eo) T_(eo) G_(es) G_(es) G_(e) 705101 T_(es) T_(eo) T_(eo) ^(m)C_(eo) ^(m)C_(eo) A_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) 34  8 T_(eo) G_(eo) A_(es) ^(m)C_(es) T_(e) 705119 A_(es) G_(eo) T_(eo) G_(eo) G_(eo) ^(m)C_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) 41  9 T_(eo) T_(eo) T_(es) T_(es) ^(m)C_(e) 705120 A_(es) G_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) T_(eo) G_(ds) G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) 36 10 A_(eo) G_(eo) T_(es) T_(es) T_(e) 705121 T_(es) G_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(eo) G_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) 37 11 A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(es) G_(es) T_(e) 705122 ^(m)C_(es) G_(eo) A_(eo) T_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) 28 12 T_(eo) A_(eo) ^(m)C_(es) A_(es) G_(e) Subscripts: “e” indicates a 2′-methoxyethyl (MOE) modification, “d” indicates a 2′-deoxynucleoside, “s” indicates a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and “o” indicates a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage. Superscript “m” indicates a 5-methylcytosine modification.

Example 2: Dose Response Inhibition of Ube3a-ATS Expression and Induction of Ube3a mRNA Expression

Antisense oligonucleotides selected from Table 1 and a non-targeting control antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS No. 141923, ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) T_(es) T_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(ds) ^(m)C_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(es) T_(es) ^(m)C_(es) ^(m)C_(e), SEQ ID NO: 13) were used in a dose response study in vitro. The protocol described in Example 1 was used except that various antisense oligonucleotide concentrations were used and both Ube3a-ATS and Ube3a mRNA expression were analyzed. The results, shown in Table 2 below, indicate that the antisense oligonucleotides inhibit Ube3a-ATS expression and induce Ube3a mRNA expression relative to PBS treatment in a dose dependent manner, whereas the control oligonucleotide does not have any effect.

TABLE 2 Ube3a-ATS (% Ube3a mRNA (% ISIS No. Dose (nM) PBS) PBS) SEQ ID NO. 141923 39 0.8 1.0 13 156 1.0 1.0 625 0.9 0.9 2500 0.9 0.9 10000 1.1 1.0 705098 39 0.5 1.4 5 156 0.4 1.5 625 0.4 1.5 2500 0.4 1.6 10000 0.4 1.8 705120 39 0.7 1.2 10 156 0.5 1.4 625 0.5 1.4 2500 0.5 1.7 10000 0.4 1.8

Example 3: Antisense Inhibition of Ube3a-ATS Expression and Induction of Ube3a mRNA Expression

Antisense oligonucleotides selected from Table 1 were used to test up-regulation of Ube3a mRNA in vivo. Each mouse received 500 μg of antisense oligonucleotide or PBS via intracerebroventricular injection. Each treatment group consisted of 2-4 mice. Two weeks after the injection, the mice were sacrificed and RNA was isolated from the spinal cord for qRT-PCR analysis, as described in Examples 1 and 2. The qRT-PCR was performed as described in Examples 1 and 2, except that Ube3a-ATS expression was measured using primer probe set: forward primer: 5′-CATCCAGAGAAAGTGTCACCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14); reverse primer: 5′-CTCCAACTCATCACTGTAGGTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15); probe: 5′-AGCTCATTCAGATATCATCAACTTTTGTCCAGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16). The results, shown in Table 3 below, indicate that the antisense oligonucleotides up-regulated Ube3a mRNA expression in the spinal cord and down-regulated Ube3a-ATS expression in the spinal cord.

TABLE 3 ISIS No. Ube3a-ATS (% PBS) Ube3a mRNA (% PBS) SEQ ID NO. 705097 21 165 4 705098 35 159 5 705099 63 167 6 705100 26 162 7 705101 24 142 8 705119 17 196 9 705120 40 141 10 705122 51 139 12 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 4. A method of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A in an animal comprising administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 5. The method of claim 24, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 6. The method of any one of claims 4-5, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the antisense compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 95% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.
 12. The method of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 15. The method of any one of claims 12-14, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.
 21. The method of any one of claims 12-20, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 23. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.
 24. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.
 25. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.
 26. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.
 27. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.
 28. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.
 29. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.
 30. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.
 31. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.
 32. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.
 33. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.
 34. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.
 35. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.
 36. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.
 37. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.
 38. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.
 39. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.
 40. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.
 41. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.
 42. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.
 43. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.
 44. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.
 45. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.
 46. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%.
 47. A method of treating an animal with an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS comprising selecting an animal in need thereof and administering to the animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 50. The method of any one of claims 47-49, wherein the animal has Angelman Syndrome.
 51. A compound comprising an antisense compound targeted to a region of UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 52. The compound of claim 51, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 53. The compound of claim 51, wherein antisense compound is targeted to a region that comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 54. The compound of claim 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 55. The compound of claim 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 95% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 56. The compound of claim 52 or 53, wherein the oligonucleotide is 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 57. The compound of any one of claims 51-56, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.
 58. The compound of any one of claims 51-57, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.
 59. The compound of claim 58, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 60. The compound of claim 59, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 61. The compound of any one of claims 58-60, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.
 62. The compound of claim 61, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.
 63. The compound of claim 62, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
 64. The compound of claim 62, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.
 65. The compound of claim 62, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.
 66. The compound of claim 63, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.
 67. The compound of any one of claims 58-66, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.
 68. The compound of claim 67, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 69. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.
 70. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.
 71. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.
 72. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.
 73. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.
 74. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.
 75. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.
 76. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.
 77. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.
 78. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.
 79. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.
 80. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.
 81. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.
 82. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.
 83. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.
 84. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.
 85. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.
 86. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.
 87. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.
 88. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.
 89. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.
 90. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.
 91. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.
 92. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%.
 93. A method of reducing UBE3A-ATS in a cell comprising contacting the cell with the compound of any of claims 51 to
 92. 94. A method comprising administering to a cell or animal an antisense compound targeted to UBE3A-ATS that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116, wherein expression of paternal UBE3A is induced.
 95. The method of claim 94, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 96. The method of any one of claims 94-95, wherein UBE3A-ATS comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and the region of UBE3A-ATS consists of nucleobases at least 85% identical to nucleobases 545131 to 776518 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 97. The method of any one of claims 94-96, wherein the antisense compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 85% complementary to a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence that contains the pre-mRNA for SNORD116.
 98. The method of claim 97, wherein the oligonucleotide is at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary over its entire length to an equal length region of a UBE3A-ATS nucleic acid sequence.
 99. The method of any one of claims 94-98, wherein the antisense compound or oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide.
 100. The method of any one of claims 97-99, wherein the oligonucleotide is a modified oligonucleotide.
 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 103. The method of any one of claims 97-102, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified sugar.
 104. The method of claim 103, wherein the modified sugar is a bicyclic sugar comprising a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ positions of the sugar.
 105. The method of claim 104, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′, 4′-CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-CH₂—O-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′, 4′-CH₂—O—N(R₁)-2′ and 4′-CH2-N(R₁)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the bridge is 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′.
 107. The method of claim 105, wherein the bridge is selected from 4′-CH₂—O-2′ and 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′.
 108. The method of claim 103, wherein the modified sugar comprises a 2′-O-methoxyethyl group.
 109. The method of any one of claims 97-108, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.
 110. The method of claim 109, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 111. The method of any one of claims 94-110, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide induces expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 20%.
 112. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 30%.
 113. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 40%.
 114. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 50%.
 115. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 60%.
 116. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 70%.
 117. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 80%.
 118. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 90%.
 119. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 100%.
 120. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 110%.
 121. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 120%.
 122. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 130%.
 123. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 140%.
 124. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 150%.
 125. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 160%.
 126. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 170%.
 127. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 180%.
 128. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 190%.
 129. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 200%.
 130. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 210%.
 131. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 220%.
 132. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 230%.
 133. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 240%.
 134. The compound of any one of claims 51-68, wherein the antisense compound or modified oligonucleotide is capable of inducing expression of paternal UBE3A by at least 250%. 